2003-4. Flow Rate and Peak Spacing

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2003-4. Flow Rate and Peak Spacing

April 1, 2003

Flow-rate changes might or might not be acceptable means to adjust retention.

LCGC 21(4)350-354 (2003)

John W. Dolan

erratum: text associated with equation 3 should have stated “If the flow rate is halved from 2 mL/min to 1 mL/min k* is halved.”

Tags: alpha, column parameters, flow rate, gradient elution, k*, resolution, retention, retention factor, selectivity

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2020-5. Liquid Chromatography at Room Temperature: When Should the Column Temperature Be Specified in a Method?

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2019-6. Mixing and Mixers in Liquid Chromatography, Part III: Solutions for Problems with Sample Diluents

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2019-4. Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography and Water, Part II: Re-equilibration of the Stationary Phase Following Gradient Elution

2019-3. Looking for New Selectivity in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography? A View of the Selectivity Landscape Over the Past Two Years

2019-2. Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography and Water, Part I: How Much is Too Much?

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2018-9. Tips, Tricks, and Troubleshooting for Separations of Biomolecules, Part II: Contemporary Separations of Proteins by Size-Exclusion Chromatography

2018-8. Contaminants Everywhere! Tips and Tricks for Reducing Background Signals When Using LC–MS

2018-7. Tips, Tricks, and Troubleshooting for Separations of Biomolecules, Part I: Contemporary Reversed-Phase Protein Separations

2018-6. Peak Purity in Liquid Chromatography, Part III: Using Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography

2018-5. Fittings and Connections for Liquid Chromatography—So Many Choices!

2018-4. Peak Purity in Liquid Chromatography, Part II: Potential of Curve Resolution Techniques

2018-3. Eluent Preparation for Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography, Part II: pH, Buffers, and Gradient Elution

2018-2. Peak Purity in Liquid Chromatography, Part I: Basic Concepts, Commercial Software, and Limitations

2018-1. Eluent Preparation for Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography, Part I: Solvent Volumes and Buffer Counterions

2017-12. Resources for LC Practitioners in 2017: What’s on Your Bookshelf and in Your Web Browser?

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2017-10. All’s Well That Ends Well

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2017-8. Method Adjustment for Gradient Elution

2017-7. Column Care for the Long Haul — Considerations for Column Storage

2017-6. Method Adjustment the USP Way

2017-5. Count the Cost, Part III: Increasing Resolution by Changing Selectivity

2017-4. Count the Cost, Part II: Increasing Resolution by Increasing Retention

2017-3. Count the Cost, Part I: Increasing Resolution by Increasing Column Efficiency

2017-2. Filters and Filtration in Liquid Chromatography — What to Do

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2016-12. Failed System Suitability Test: A Case Study

2016-11. Reader’s Question: Early Eluted Peak

2016-10. Reader’s Questions: Gradient Ghost Peaks

2016-9. How Does It Work? Part V: Fluorescence Detectors

2016-8. How Does It Work? Part IV: Ultraviolet Detectors

2016-7. How Does It Work? Part III: Autosamplers

2016-6. How Does It Work? Part II: Mixing and Degassing

2016-5. How Does It Work? Part I: Pumps

2016-4. Retention Time Drift — A Case Study

2016-3. Column Plate Number and System Suitability

2016-2. Detective Work, Part IV: Chemical Problems with the Column — Chemical Attack

2016-1. Detective Work, Part III: Strong Retention and Chemical Problems with the Column

2015-12. Detective Work, Part II: Physical Problems with the Column

2015-11. Detective Work, Part I: Simplify the Choices

2015-10. How to Reduce Mobile-Phase Consumption

2015-9. LC Column Problems Everywhere

2015-8. Overload in Liquid Chromatography

2015-7. Distorted Peaks — A Case Study

2015-6. Internal Standard Calibration Problems

2015-5. Calibration Problems — A Case Study

2015-4. Be Careful of the Flow Rate

2015-3. Listen to the Data

2015-2. Slow Column Equilibration

2015-1. Seven Things to Avoid in the Liquid Chromatography Laboratory

2014-12. Column Protection: Three Easy Steps

2014-11. How Much Can I Inject? Part II: Injecting in Solvents Other than Mobile Phase

2014-10. How Much Can I Inject? Part I: Injecting in Mobile Phase

2014-9. Estimating Resolution for Marginally Separated Peaks

2014-8. How Much Retention Time Variation is Normal?

2014-7. Mobile-Phase Degassing: What, Why, and How

2014-6. UV Detector Problems

2014-5. Readers’ Questions: Calibration

2014-4. Problems with Large-Molecule Separations

2014-3. LC Method Scaling, Part II: Gradient Separations

2014-2. LC Method Scaling, Part I: Isocratic Separations

2014-1. Column Dead Time as a Diagnostic Tool

2013-12. Peak Fronting . . . Some of the Time

2013-11. What’s the Problem with the LLOQ – A Case Study

2013-10. Past, Present, and Future – 30 Years of LC Troubleshooting

2013-9. Variable Retention Times – A Case Study

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2013-7. Gradient Elution, Part V: Baseline Drift Problems

2013-6. Gradient Elution, Part IV: Dwell-Volume Problems

2013-5. Gradient Elution, Part III: Surprises

2013-4. Gradient Elution, Part II: Equivalent Separations

2013-3. Gradient Elution, Part I: Intuition

2013-2. The Importance of the Sample Matrix

2013-1. Making the Most of a Gradient Scouting Run

2012-12. Avoiding Refractive Index Detector Problems

2012-11. Evaluation of an LC Method

2012-10. The Role of the Injection Solvent

2012-9. Reader’s Questions

2012-8. Questions from Afar

2012-7. Troubleshooting Basics, Part IV: Peak Shape Problems

2012-6. When Should an Internal Standard Be Used?

2012-5. Extra Chromatographic Peaks – A Case Study

2012-4. Retention Time Changes

2012-3. Why Does an Improvement Make Things Worse?

2012-2. A Case of Sporadic LC Assay Results

2012-1. LC Trouble Everywhere

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2011-11. Locating Precision Problems

2011-10. Column Triage

2011-9. Troubleshooting Basics, Part II: Pressure Problems

2011-8. How Fast Can a Gradient Be Run?

2011-7. Troubleshooting Basics, Part I: Where to Start?

2011-6. The Case of the Too Big Little Peak

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2011-4. Selectivity in Reversed-Phase LC Separations, Part IV: Pressure Selectivity

2011-3. Selectivity in Reversed-Phase LC Separations, Part III: Column-Type Selectivity

2011-2. A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words

2011-1. Selectivity in Reversed-Phase LC Separations, Part II: Solvent-Strength Selectivity

2010-12. Selectivity in Reversed-Phase LC Separations, Part I: Solvent-Type Selectivity

2010-11. UHPLC Tips and Techniques

2010-10. Are the Method Requirements Reasonable?

2010-9. Speeding Up Gradients

2010-8. System Contamination

2010-7. Where Did That Peak Come From?

2010-6. 300 and Counting

2010-5. Too Much Scrutiny

2010-4. Getting the Most Out of Calibration Standards

2010-3. Enhancing Signal-to-Noise

2010-2. Column Diameter, Linear Velocity, and Column Efficiency

2010-1. Too Little or Too Much

2009-12. LC Troubleshooting Strategies

2009-11. Kinetic Plots Made Easy

2009-10. Integration Problems

2009-9. Method or System?

2009-8. Too Many Changes

2009-7. Calibration Curves, Part V: Curve Weighting

2009-6. Calibration Curves, Part IV: Choosing the Appropriate Model

2009-5. Calibration Curves, Part III: A Different View

2009-4. Calibration Curves, Part II: What are the Limits?

2009-3. Calibration Curves, Part I: To b or Not to b?

2009-2. Testing Method Performance

2009-1. Problems from East and West

2008-12. LC Pumps

2008-11. Extracolumn Effects

2008-10. Drip, Drip, Drip…

2008-9. Odds and Ends from the Inbox

2008-8. Column Care

2008-7. Peak Shape Problems

2008-6. Check Valves and Acetonitrile

2008-5. How Do I …?

2008-4. Only Three Things

2008-3. Method Transfer Problems

2008-2. Ion Pairing — Blessing or Curse

2008-1. Flow-Rate Adjustment and System Suitability

2007-12. The Perfect Method, Part VII: The Gradient Shortcut

2007-11. The Perfect Method, Part VI: Make It Faster

2007-10. The Perfect Method, Part V: Changing Column Selectivity

2007-9. The Perfect Method, Part IV: Controlling Peak Spacing

2007-8. The Perfect Method, Part III: Adjusting Retention

2007-7. The Perfect Method, Part II: Where to Start?

2007-6. The Perfect Method, Part I: What is Your Goal?

2007-5. How Does Temperature Affect Selectivity?

2007-4. Variability — How to Control It

2007-3. Solvent Conservation

2007-2. How Little Can I See?

2007-1. Questions From India

2006-12. Method Reproducibility — A Case Study

2006-11. On-Column Sample Degradation

2006-10. Making Connections

2006-9. What’s Happening to My Column?

2006-8. Autosampler Carryover

2006-7. Gradient Performance Problems — A Case Study

2006-6. The Power of Mobile Phase Strength

2006-5. Dwell Volume Revisited

2006-4. It’s Gonna Break

2006-3. Chromatography Forum — Use the Braintrust

2006-2. Check Valve Problems

2006-1. Obtaining More Consistent Results

2005-12. The Role of Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Precision and Accuracy

2005-11. Extending Column Life

2005-10. LC Troubleshooting: The Basics

2005-9. A Baker’s Dozen

2005-8. Broad Peaks

2005-7. Reader Questions: Mobile Phase

2005-6. Peak Fronting, Column Life, and Column Conditioning

2005-5. Overload or Minor Peak?

2005-4. The Bermuda Triangle

2005-3. Split Peaks — A Case Study

2005-2. Extracolumn Effects

2005-1. Stay Away from the Cliffs!

2004-12. Retention Time Changes

2004-11. My Favorite Shortcuts

2004-10. Gradient Performance Checks

2004-9. Grandma’s Ham

2004-7. Divide and Conquer

2004-6. But I Can’t Change the Method

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2004-4. Parallel Chromatography — Double Your Money

2004-3. Success with Evaporative Light-Scattering Detection, Part II: Tips and Techniques

2004-2. Selecting the Best Curve Fit

2004-1. Broad Peaks

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2003-11. Extracolumn Effects

2003-10. How Much Is Enough?

2003-9. Honoring Readers

2003-7. Why Do Peaks Tail?

2003-6. Now What’s Going On?

2003-5. Not Another Leak!

2003-4. Flow Rate and Peak Spacing

2003-3. LC Columns — The Top-10 List

2003-2. Success with Evaporative Light-Scattering Detection

2003-1. Mobile-Phase Buffers, Part III — Preparation of Buffers

2002-12. Mobile-Phase Buffers, Part II — Buffer Selection and Capacity

2002-11. Mobile-Phase Buffers, Part I — The Interpretation of pH in Partially Aqueous Mobile Phases

2002-10. The Hazards of Adjusting Gradients

2002-9. Performance Qualification of LC Systems

2002-7. Resolving Minor Peaks

2002-6. The Importance of Temperature

2002-5. Peak Tailing and Resolution

2002-4. Stability-Indicating Assays

2002-3. The Future of LC Troubleshooting — 10 Years Later

2002-2. Quiet, Please

2002-1. Ion Suppression in LC-MS/MS — A Case Study

2001-12. From the e-Mail Bag

2001-11. Retaining Polar Compounds

2001-10. Attacking Carryover Problems

2001-9. When Ideal Isn’t Practical

2001-7. Communicating with the Baseline

2001-6. Buffers and Baselines

2001-5. Autosamplers, Part II — Problems and Solutions

2001-4. Autosamplers, Part I — Design Features

2001-3. Reproducibility and Carryover — A Case Study

2001-2. Autosampler Carryover

2001-1. Unexpected Peaks

2000-12. Reducing Column Diameter in Gradient Elution — A Case Study

2000-11. The Problem of Late Elution — A Case Study

2000-10. Scaling Gradient LC Methods to LC-MS

2000-9. Reversed-Phase in 100% Water

2000-7. Stainless Steel Surfaces in LC Systems, Part II — Passivation and Practical Recommendations

2000-6. Stainless Steel Surfaces in LC Systems, Part I — Corrosion and Erosion

2000-5. Starting Out Right, Part VI — The Scouting Gradient Alternative

2000-4. Starting Out Right, Part V — Changing Column Conditions

2000-3. Starting Out right, Part IV — Additional Variables to Control Selectivity

2000-2. Starting Out Right, Part III — The Role of the Solvent in Controlling Selectivity

2000-1. Starting Out Right, Part II — Measuring Satisfaction

1999-12. Starting Out Right, Part I — Selecting the Tools

1999-11. Reader’s Questions: Carryover, Mobile-Phase Temperature, and Column Care

1999-10. Mobile-Phase Degassing — Why, When, and How

1999-9. Poor Peak Shape: A Case Study

1999-7. Priming Injections

1999-6. How Much Is Too Much?

1999-5. LC Troubleshooting On-Line with Chromatography Forum

1999-4. Lessons in Column Washing

1999-3. Late Elution and Carryover Peaks — A Case Study

1999-2. Basic Compounds — Starting on the Right Foot

1999-1.UV Detector Noise

1998-12. Column Temperature Effects in Gradient Elution

1998-11. Gradient Background Peaks — A Case Study

1998-10. Autosampler Precision

1998-9. From the Mail Bag — Dirty Loop, Precolumn Use, In-Line Degassing, and Injector Plumbing

1998-7. Useful or Useless? — Part II

1998-6. Useful or Useless? — Part I

1998-5. Sample Overload — Friend or Foe?

1998-4. Column Packing — What’s at the Bottom of It?

1998-3. Extracolumn Band Broadening from Injection and Peak Transfer

1998-2. Ghost Peaks and Aerated Sample Solvent

1998-1. Scaling Gradients

1997-12. Reproducibility Problems

1997-11. A Valuable Source of Help

1997-10. Baseline Problems — A Case Study

1997-9. Retention Time Problems

1997-7. Method Development, Peak Distortion, and Interfering Peaks

1997-6. Maintaining Autosampler Performance

1997-5. Anticipating Problems with a New Method

1997-4. Air: Poison for Liquid Chromatographs

1997-3. The System Logbook

1997-2. Pump Preventive Maintenance

1997-1. Method Quality, Standardization, and Peak Shape

1996-12. When Good Isn’t Good Enough

1996-11. What is the True Temperature?

1996-10. Solvent Changeover and Column Equilibration

1996-9. Improving an Ion-Pairing Method

1996-7. Injection Loop Adsorption

1996-6. Readers’ Questions about Mobile-Phase Additives

1996-5. Noise Problems: A Case Study

1996-4. Problems with Gradient Methods

1996-3. Water Problems: A Case Study

1996-2. Using a Gradient Scouting Run to Get Started

1996-1. Injection Problems

1995-12. A Second Shot at Some Troubleshooting Problems

1995-11. Solvent Selection, Part III: Solvent Life and Degradation

1995-10. Testing Autosampler Performance

1995-9. Internal Standard Problems, Buffer Precipitation, and Column Storage

1995-7. Pump Seal Problems

1995-6. Mobile-Phase Proportioning Problems and Standard Operating Procedures

1995-5. International Liquid Chromatography Problems

1995-4. Odds and Ends from the Mailbox

1995-3. Solvent Selection, Part II: Physical Properties

1995-2. Problems with Water

1995-1. Reader Questions

1994-12. Case Study — Irreproducible Retention Times

1994-11. Questions about Ion Pairing

1994-10. Solvent Selection, Part I: UV Absorption Characteristics

1994-9. Obtaining Separations, Part IV: Putting It All Together

1994-7. Obtaining Separations, Part III: Adjusting Column Conditions

1994-6. Obtaining Separations, Part II: Adjusting Selectivity

1994-5. Obtaining Separations, Part I: A Look at Retention

1994-4. Fixing Problems on the Cheap

1994-3. The Dilemma

1994-2. Choosing the Right Instrument

1994-1. Extra Peaks

1993-12. Worth Repeating

1993-11. To Change or Not to Change?

1993-10. What’s Wrong with Ethylparaben?

1993-9. Readers Respond

1993-7. Gradient Problems at Low Detection Wavelengths

1993-6. Avoiding the Pitfalls of Published Methods

1993-5. Aggressive Mobile Phases — A Case Study

1993-4. Air Problems

1993-3. Recycling Revisited

1993-2. Amine Adsorption — A Case Study

1993-1. Column Care and Feeding

1992-12. Problem Isolation: Three More Things

1992-11. Preventive Maintenance: Just Three Things

1992-10. Ion-Pairing Problems

1992-9. Buffer Precipitation Problems

1992-7. LC Problem Guide

1992-6. Solvent Recycling

1992-5. Column Heating and Resolution — A Case Study

1992-4. The Case of the Mystery Gradient Peak

1992-3. LC Problems – Past, Present, and Future

1992-2. Pump Shutdown, Sparging Problems, Double Peaks: Answers to Readers’ Questions

1992-1. Extracolumn Effects

1991-12. Sample Preparation, Guard Columns: Answers to Readers’ Questions

1991-11. Retention-Time Problems: Answers to Readers’ Questions

1991-10. NISA A Service Alternative

1991-9. Electrochemical Detector and System Pressure Problems

1991-7. Using Dead Time, Retention, and the Capacity Factor as Diagnostic Tools

1991-6. Changing System Conditions

1991-5. Liquid Chromatography Pump Refinements

1991-4. Pumps: Operation and Maintenance

1991-3. Retention-Time Drift A Case Study

1991-2. Method Reproducibility, Leaks, and Check-Valve Problems

1991-1. Sample Adsorption in Liquid Chromatography Injection Valves

1990-12. Pump Problems

1990-11. Retention-Time Variation: A Case Study

1990-10. Column and Mobile Phase Problems

1990-9. Baseline Noise: A Case Study

1990-7. Ghost Peaks and Column Problems

1990-6. Peak Tracking

1990-5. Column and Detector Problems

1990-4. Problems in Size-Exclusion Chromatography

1990-3. Mobile Phase Buffer Problems

1990-2. Problems with Small-Volume Columns

1990-1. System-to-System Variation

1989-12. Isolating and Correcting LC Problems

1989-11. Preventive Maintenance of Sample-Injection Valves

1989-10. Readers’ Questions

1989-9. Passivation of Liquid Chromatography Components

1989-7. Column Flushing Demystified

1989-6. Peak Tailing

1989-5. Readers’ Questions

1989-4. Peak Problems

1989-3. Troubleshooting Pump Problems

1989-2. Readers’ Questions

1989-1. Mobile Phase Proportioning Problems: A Case Study

1988-12. Method Optimization and Maintenance Using a Resolution Map

1988-11. Recognizing and Eliminating Noise Problems in Liquid Chromatography

1988-10. Troubleshooting LC Fittings, Part II

1988-9. Troubleshooting LC Fittings, Part I

1988-7. Mobile Phase Proportioning Problems

1988-6. Blocked Columns and Tubing

1988-5. Late Peaks and Gradient Reproducibility

1988-4. Rules of Thumb

1988-3. Readers’ Questions

1988-2. Ghost and Vacancy Peaks

1988-1. More on Solvents

1987-12. Shortcuts for LC Measurements

1987-11. Column Stability: A Case Study

1987-10. Mobile Phase Problems

1987-9. Capacity Factor, Plate Number, Extracolumn Effects, and More

1987-7. Readers’ Questions

1987-6. Gradient Elution Separation Problems, Part II

1987-5. Gradient Elution Separation Problems, Part I

1987-4. Potpourri

1987-3. Troubleshooting Autosamplers, Part II

1987-2. Troubleshooting Autosamplers, Part I

1987-1. Maintaining an LC System with Ease

1986-12. Problems Resulting from Normal System Variability

1986-11. Extracolumn Effects: Two Case Studies

1986-10. Readers’ Questions

1986-9. Readers’ Questions

1986-7. LC User Survey: Data-System Problems

1986-6. LC User Survey: Detector Problems

1986-5. LC User Survey: Autosampler Problems

1986-4. Readers’ Questions

1986-3. Separation Artifacts III: Secondary-Retention Effects in Reversed-Phase Chromatography

1986-2. Separation Artifacts II: Extracolumn Effects, Tailing, and Strong Retention Sites

1986-1. Separation Artifacts I: Sample Overload and Injection-Solvent Problems

1985-12. Sample Injection Valves

1985.11 Equipment Usage

1985-10. Troubleshooting

1985-9. Troubleshooting

1985-7. Troubleshooting

1985-6. Troubleshooting

1985-5. Common Column Problems

1985-4. Troubleshooting

1985-3. Troubleshooting

1985-2. Connecting Tubing

1985-1. Peak Shape

1984-11. Autosamplers

1984-10. Chromatographic Theory as a Problem-Isolation Aid: Part II

1984-9. Chromatographic Theory as a Problem-Isolation Aid: Part I

1984-8. Mobile Phase Preparation

1984-7. Service Contracts

1984-6. Optical Detectors Part III: Variable-Wavelength UV Detectors

1984-5. Optical Detectors Part II: Fixed-Wavelength UV Detectors

1984-4. Optical Detectors, Part I: General Principles

1984-3. Piston-Diaphragm Pumps

1984.2 Reciprocating Piston Pumps

1984-1. Chromatographic Fittings: Proper Use to Minimize Dead Volume

1983-8. Problem Isolation: Shortening Troubleshooting Time

1984-7. Recordkeeping: Plan Ahead to Minimize Downtime

1983-3. Troubleshooting: HPLC Sample Preparation and Introduction

1983-2. Troubleshooting the Mobile Phase of Your HPLC System

1983-1. An HPLC Troubleshooting Guide

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