1996-11. What is the True Temperature?

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1996-11. What is the True Temperature?

November 1, 1996

The column temperature you select may not be the temperature you get.

Keywords:

LCGC 14(11) 994-949 (1996)

Peng-Ling Zhu and John W. Dolan

Tags: backpressure, column temperature, ovens, temperature control, viscosity

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2020-4. Selectivity in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography: 20 Years of the Hydrophobic Subtraction Model

2020-3. Troubleshooting LC Separations of Biomolecules, Part I: Background, and the Meaning of Inertness

2020-2. Effects of Buffer Capacity in LC, Part II: Visualization of pH Changes Inside the Column

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2019-12. Effects of Flow Rate on UV Detection in Liquid Chromatography

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2019-10. Minimizing Fluctuating Peptide Retention in 2D-LC: How to Address a Moving Target

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2019-3. Looking for New Selectivity in Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography? A View of the Selectivity Landscape Over the Past Two Years

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2018-9. Tips, Tricks, and Troubleshooting for Separations of Biomolecules, Part II: Contemporary Separations of Proteins by Size-Exclusion Chromatography

2018-8. Contaminants Everywhere! Tips and Tricks for Reducing Background Signals When Using LC–MS

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2018-4. Peak Purity in Liquid Chromatography, Part II: Potential of Curve Resolution Techniques

2018-3. Eluent Preparation for Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography, Part II: pH, Buffers, and Gradient Elution

2018-2. Peak Purity in Liquid Chromatography, Part I: Basic Concepts, Commercial Software, and Limitations

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2017-12. Resources for LC Practitioners in 2017: What’s on Your Bookshelf and in Your Web Browser?

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2017-10. All’s Well That Ends Well

2017-9. How to Take Maximum Advantage of Column-Type Selectivity

2017-8. Method Adjustment for Gradient Elution

2017-7. Column Care for the Long Haul — Considerations for Column Storage

2017-6. Method Adjustment the USP Way

2017-5. Count the Cost, Part III: Increasing Resolution by Changing Selectivity

2017-4. Count the Cost, Part II: Increasing Resolution by Increasing Retention

2017-3. Count the Cost, Part I: Increasing Resolution by Increasing Column Efficiency

2017-2. Filters and Filtration in Liquid Chromatography — What to Do

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2016-12. Failed System Suitability Test: A Case Study

2016-11. Reader’s Question: Early Eluted Peak

2016-10. Reader’s Questions: Gradient Ghost Peaks

2016-9. How Does It Work? Part V: Fluorescence Detectors

2016-8. How Does It Work? Part IV: Ultraviolet Detectors

2016-7. How Does It Work? Part III: Autosamplers

2016-6. How Does It Work? Part II: Mixing and Degassing

2016-5. How Does It Work? Part I: Pumps

2016-4. Retention Time Drift — A Case Study

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2016-2. Detective Work, Part IV: Chemical Problems with the Column — Chemical Attack

2016-1. Detective Work, Part III: Strong Retention and Chemical Problems with the Column

2015-12. Detective Work, Part II: Physical Problems with the Column

2015-11. Detective Work, Part I: Simplify the Choices

2015-10. How to Reduce Mobile-Phase Consumption

2015-9. LC Column Problems Everywhere

2015-8. Overload in Liquid Chromatography

2015-7. Distorted Peaks — A Case Study

2015-6. Internal Standard Calibration Problems

2015-5. Calibration Problems — A Case Study

2015-4. Be Careful of the Flow Rate

2015-3. Listen to the Data

2015-2. Slow Column Equilibration

2015-1. Seven Things to Avoid in the Liquid Chromatography Laboratory

2014-12. Column Protection: Three Easy Steps

2014-11. How Much Can I Inject? Part II: Injecting in Solvents Other than Mobile Phase

2014-10. How Much Can I Inject? Part I: Injecting in Mobile Phase

2014-9. Estimating Resolution for Marginally Separated Peaks

2014-8. How Much Retention Time Variation is Normal?

2014-7. Mobile-Phase Degassing: What, Why, and How

2014-6. UV Detector Problems

2014-5. Readers’ Questions: Calibration

2014-4. Problems with Large-Molecule Separations

2014-3. LC Method Scaling, Part II: Gradient Separations

2014-2. LC Method Scaling, Part I: Isocratic Separations

2014-1. Column Dead Time as a Diagnostic Tool

2013-12. Peak Fronting . . . Some of the Time

2013-11. What’s the Problem with the LLOQ – A Case Study

2013-10. Past, Present, and Future – 30 Years of LC Troubleshooting

2013-9. Variable Retention Times – A Case Study

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2013-7. Gradient Elution, Part V: Baseline Drift Problems

2013-6. Gradient Elution, Part IV: Dwell-Volume Problems

2013-5. Gradient Elution, Part III: Surprises

2013-4. Gradient Elution, Part II: Equivalent Separations

2013-3. Gradient Elution, Part I: Intuition

2013-2. The Importance of the Sample Matrix

2013-1. Making the Most of a Gradient Scouting Run

2012-12. Avoiding Refractive Index Detector Problems

2012-11. Evaluation of an LC Method

2012-10. The Role of the Injection Solvent

2012-9. Reader’s Questions

2012-8. Questions from Afar

2012-7. Troubleshooting Basics, Part IV: Peak Shape Problems

2012-6. When Should an Internal Standard Be Used?

2012-5. Extra Chromatographic Peaks – A Case Study

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2012-3. Why Does an Improvement Make Things Worse?

2012-2. A Case of Sporadic LC Assay Results

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2011-11. Locating Precision Problems

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2011-2. A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words

2011-1. Selectivity in Reversed-Phase LC Separations, Part II: Solvent-Strength Selectivity

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2010-7. Where Did That Peak Come From?

2010-6. 300 and Counting

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2010-3. Enhancing Signal-to-Noise

2010-2. Column Diameter, Linear Velocity, and Column Efficiency

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2009-11. Kinetic Plots Made Easy

2009-10. Integration Problems

2009-9. Method or System?

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2009-7. Calibration Curves, Part V: Curve Weighting

2009-6. Calibration Curves, Part IV: Choosing the Appropriate Model

2009-5. Calibration Curves, Part III: A Different View

2009-4. Calibration Curves, Part II: What are the Limits?

2009-3. Calibration Curves, Part I: To b or Not to b?

2009-2. Testing Method Performance

2009-1. Problems from East and West

2008-12. LC Pumps

2008-11. Extracolumn Effects

2008-10. Drip, Drip, Drip…

2008-9. Odds and Ends from the Inbox

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2008-7. Peak Shape Problems

2008-6. Check Valves and Acetonitrile

2008-5. How Do I …?

2008-4. Only Three Things

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2008-2. Ion Pairing — Blessing or Curse

2008-1. Flow-Rate Adjustment and System Suitability

2007-12. The Perfect Method, Part VII: The Gradient Shortcut

2007-11. The Perfect Method, Part VI: Make It Faster

2007-10. The Perfect Method, Part V: Changing Column Selectivity

2007-9. The Perfect Method, Part IV: Controlling Peak Spacing

2007-8. The Perfect Method, Part III: Adjusting Retention

2007-7. The Perfect Method, Part II: Where to Start?

2007-6. The Perfect Method, Part I: What is Your Goal?

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2007-4. Variability — How to Control It

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2007-2. How Little Can I See?

2007-1. Questions From India

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2006-11. On-Column Sample Degradation

2006-10. Making Connections

2006-9. What’s Happening to My Column?

2006-8. Autosampler Carryover

2006-7. Gradient Performance Problems — A Case Study

2006-6. The Power of Mobile Phase Strength

2006-5. Dwell Volume Revisited

2006-4. It’s Gonna Break

2006-3. Chromatography Forum — Use the Braintrust

2006-2. Check Valve Problems

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2005-12. The Role of Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Precision and Accuracy

2005-11. Extending Column Life

2005-10. LC Troubleshooting: The Basics

2005-9. A Baker’s Dozen

2005-8. Broad Peaks

2005-7. Reader Questions: Mobile Phase

2005-6. Peak Fronting, Column Life, and Column Conditioning

2005-5. Overload or Minor Peak?

2005-4. The Bermuda Triangle

2005-3. Split Peaks — A Case Study

2005-2. Extracolumn Effects

2005-1. Stay Away from the Cliffs!

2004-12. Retention Time Changes

2004-11. My Favorite Shortcuts

2004-10. Gradient Performance Checks

2004-9. Grandma’s Ham

2004-7. Divide and Conquer

2004-6. But I Can’t Change the Method

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2004-4. Parallel Chromatography — Double Your Money

2004-3. Success with Evaporative Light-Scattering Detection, Part II: Tips and Techniques

2004-2. Selecting the Best Curve Fit

2004-1. Broad Peaks

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2003-11. Extracolumn Effects

2003-10. How Much Is Enough?

2003-9. Honoring Readers

2003-7. Why Do Peaks Tail?

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2003-5. Not Another Leak!

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2003-2. Success with Evaporative Light-Scattering Detection

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2002-12. Mobile-Phase Buffers, Part II — Buffer Selection and Capacity

2002-11. Mobile-Phase Buffers, Part I — The Interpretation of pH in Partially Aqueous Mobile Phases

2002-10. The Hazards of Adjusting Gradients

2002-9. Performance Qualification of LC Systems

2002-7. Resolving Minor Peaks

2002-6. The Importance of Temperature

2002-5. Peak Tailing and Resolution

2002-4. Stability-Indicating Assays

2002-3. The Future of LC Troubleshooting — 10 Years Later

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2001-12. From the e-Mail Bag

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2001-9. When Ideal Isn’t Practical

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2001-5. Autosamplers, Part II — Problems and Solutions

2001-4. Autosamplers, Part I — Design Features

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2001-2. Autosampler Carryover

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2000-11. The Problem of Late Elution — A Case Study

2000-10. Scaling Gradient LC Methods to LC-MS

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2000-5. Starting Out Right, Part VI — The Scouting Gradient Alternative

2000-4. Starting Out Right, Part V — Changing Column Conditions

2000-3. Starting Out right, Part IV — Additional Variables to Control Selectivity

2000-2. Starting Out Right, Part III — The Role of the Solvent in Controlling Selectivity

2000-1. Starting Out Right, Part II — Measuring Satisfaction

1999-12. Starting Out Right, Part I — Selecting the Tools

1999-11. Reader’s Questions: Carryover, Mobile-Phase Temperature, and Column Care

1999-10. Mobile-Phase Degassing — Why, When, and How

1999-9. Poor Peak Shape: A Case Study

1999-7. Priming Injections

1999-6. How Much Is Too Much?

1999-5. LC Troubleshooting On-Line with Chromatography Forum

1999-4. Lessons in Column Washing

1999-3. Late Elution and Carryover Peaks — A Case Study

1999-2. Basic Compounds — Starting on the Right Foot

1999-1.UV Detector Noise

1998-12. Column Temperature Effects in Gradient Elution

1998-11. Gradient Background Peaks — A Case Study

1998-10. Autosampler Precision

1998-9. From the Mail Bag — Dirty Loop, Precolumn Use, In-Line Degassing, and Injector Plumbing

1998-7. Useful or Useless? — Part II

1998-6. Useful or Useless? — Part I

1998-5. Sample Overload — Friend or Foe?

1998-4. Column Packing — What’s at the Bottom of It?

1998-3. Extracolumn Band Broadening from Injection and Peak Transfer

1998-2. Ghost Peaks and Aerated Sample Solvent

1998-1. Scaling Gradients

1997-12. Reproducibility Problems

1997-11. A Valuable Source of Help

1997-10. Baseline Problems — A Case Study

1997-9. Retention Time Problems

1997-7. Method Development, Peak Distortion, and Interfering Peaks

1997-6. Maintaining Autosampler Performance

1997-5. Anticipating Problems with a New Method

1997-4. Air: Poison for Liquid Chromatographs